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Department of Earth Sciences

 

Wed 18 Jun 14:00: Resolving the Boundary Layer Paradox: Seismic Clues to the Origin of Lithosphere Discontinuities

Earth Sciences talks - Tue, 17/06/2025 - 14:45
Resolving the Boundary Layer Paradox: Seismic Clues to the Origin of Lithosphere Discontinuities

The upper mantle beneath old, stable continents reveals puzzling seismic discontinuities within the cold and strong thermal boundary layer. This is unexpected, as tomographic models depict fast wavespeeds and low energy dissipation, offering no basis for sharp velocity gradients within the boundary layer. Resolving this paradox requires explaining the observations with mechanisms such as metasomatic alteration by volatile-bearing rocks or grain-scale solid-state processes. I present new constraints derived from scattered-wave imaging that significantly improve global coverage and depth resolution. Advanced denoising of body-waves reveals a sharp velocity reduction beneath two-thirds of all continents at 90 ± 20 km depth, best explained by sub-solidus grain-boundary weakening. In some regions, velocity drops are observed between 120 and 250 km, while in others, velocity increases occur at 150 ± 50 km. Across all cases, upper mantle discontinuities rarely extend beyond the continental heterosphere. Near continental margins and subduction zones, these features may indicate partial melting, while rare double discontinuities could reflect melt layers or tectonic remnants from continental assembly, paleo-subduction, or underplating. These findings provide crucial seismic clues for resolving the paradox of lithosphere discontinuities, offering new insights into the nature and dynamics of the thermal boundary layer beneath continents

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Wed 11 Jun 14:00: The Dynamic Process of Subduction Initiation in Young Ocean Basins: A Case Study of the North Sulawesi Subduction Zone

Earth Sciences talks - Mon, 09/06/2025 - 12:33
The Dynamic Process of Subduction Initiation in Young Ocean Basins: A Case Study of the North Sulawesi Subduction Zone

The Sulawesi subduction zone, having recently undergone the initiation of subduction, serves as an ideal natural laboratory for investigating the dynamics of subduction initiation in young ocean basins. Is the subduction process in this region “spontaneous” or “induced”? Why is the North Arm of Sulawesi rotating clockwise? Does the absence of a corresponding volcanic island arc represent a unique tectonic feature of the Sulawesi subduction zone, or is it a characteristic stage in the transformation of a young basin into an active continental margin? This study seeks to address these questions through a combination of numerical modelling and geophysical observations.

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Thu 03 Jul 11:30: Applying simple mathematical models in the mining and energy industries

Earth Sciences talks - Mon, 09/06/2025 - 09:10
Applying simple mathematical models in the mining and energy industries

In this talk I hope to show how I applied what I learned at the IEEF in my career as a consulting engineer. Of particular utility to me has been the idea of breaking a complex engineering problem into small tractable pieces. I am obliged to briefly introduce my company, Itasca International, and the type of work we do. I will show three examples: Potash is a water soluble rock made of potassium salts, it is economically important because its use as a fertilizer. In North America, potash is solution mined by circulating water that dissolves the rock. This is a rich problem that involves chemistry, fluid flow, heat transfer, and geomechanics. I will demonstrate some models that are used to help design solution mines, forecast production, and diagnose operational problems. Explosives are an inexpensive means to break and move rock for civil purposes like tunneling, road cut development, and open pit mine excavation. Rock blasting is a complex set of processes that span several orders of magnitude in time-scale, length-scale, and stress magnitude. I will describe some simple mathematical and numerical models that have helped understand blasting. Onshore wind energy is rapidly growing in the United States, partially as a consequence of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. During construction, the world’s largest mobile cranes are used to lift the nacelle and blades of turbines. There have been several high profile cases of these large cranes tipping over and being destroyed during construction. It is 2025, so every talk has to have something about machine learning now: I will describe the technical problem of soil bearing capacity failure and show how machine learning, via the concept of a surrogate model, has helped make wind turbine installation faster, safer, and less expensive.

Bio: Jason Furtney was a student at the IEEF from 2002 to 2006 after studying Geology at Edinburgh University. Since leaving the institute, Jason has been working as a consulting engineer for Itasca International, a geomechanics consulting and software company in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

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Old carbon routed from land to the atmosphere by global river systems

Earth Sciences news - Fri, 06/06/2025 - 12:23

A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as CO ₂ released from the surfaces of rivers. The findings, led by Bristol University and co-authored by Professor Ed Tipper of Cambridge Earth Sciences , mean plants...

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Thu 12 Jun 11:30: Mixing and chemical transfers in particle clouds – implications following planetary impacts

Earth Sciences talks - Fri, 06/06/2025 - 08:46
Mixing and chemical transfers in particle clouds – implications following planetary impacts

At a late stage of its accretion, the Earth experienced high-energy planetary impacts. Following each collision, the metal core of the impactor sank as millimetric drops into a molten silicate magma ocean. The efficiency of chemical equilibration between these silicates and the metal core controlled the composition of the Earth controlled the initial temperature and composition of rocky planets, and hence the emergence of plate tectonics, the time when a solid inner core started to grow, or the driving of an early dynamo in the Earth’s core by exsolution of light elements.

In this talk I will present different experiments focusing on the interaction of settling particle clouds with their surrounding through entrainment, mixing and chemical reactions. I will first present experiments on inert clouds settling in a quiescent fluid. Then, I will discuss the implications of planetary rotation on the efficiency of chemical transfers inside particle clouds, largely disregarded despite the strong rotation rate of the proto-Earth that has been suggested by impact simulations.

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Thu 05 Jun 11:30: Unveiling complex transport processes in a large deep lake: From coastal upwelling to higher-mode internal waves

Earth Sciences talks - Thu, 05/06/2025 - 08:52
Unveiling complex transport processes in a large deep lake: From coastal upwelling to higher-mode internal waves

Water quality in lakes is closely linked to hydrodynamics and is often dominated by thermal stratification which limits the exchange between the upper layers (called the epilimnion) and the deeper layers (called the hypolimnion). Consequently, the vertical redistribution of biogeochemical tracers such as dissolved oxygen and nutrients by convective overturning during winter is a key process in annual lake cycles. In deep lakes, convective cooling often does not reach the deepest layers. Furthermore, convective cooling is weakening due to climate change, motivating a good understanding of (i) alternative deepwater renewal mechanisms, and (ii) deepwater dynamics in large deep lakes in general. Understanding deepwater dynamics is crucial because of the role deepwater currents play in mediating water-sediment exchanges, hypolimnetic mixing, and horizontal and vertical transport.

In this talk, I will present results from several studies conducted in Lake Geneva, Western Europe’s largest lake (max. depth 300 m), combining field observations, 3D numerical modelling, and particle tracking. The first part of the talk will cover the dynamics and ecological implications of wintertime coastal upwelling and interbasin exchange and upwelling, highlighting their role in deepwater renewal. The second part of the talk will present recent findings on the importance of different vertical modes of rotationally-modified standing internal waves (i.e., Kelvin and Poincaré waves) on the deepwater dynamics in Lake Geneva, highlighting the impact of seemingly negligible but ever-present weak stratification in the deep hypolimnion on the vertical structure of higher vertical-mode Poincaré waves.

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Thu 05 Jun 14:00: How large can an earthquake grow? Effect of geometrical and energetical barriers

Earth Sciences talks - Thu, 05/06/2025 - 07:42
How large can an earthquake grow? Effect of geometrical and energetical barriers

For large earthquakes to occur, seismic ruptures need to propagate long distances along-strike and overcome different types of barriers. Understanding how far an earthquake can propagate includes assessing the effectiveness of these barriers in stopping earthquakes, which depends on the characteristics of both the rupture and barriers. It also includes the evaluation of a portion of a fault to be ready to host an earthquake as it will depend, among other factors, on the energy accumulated since the occurrence of the previous large event. There is thus a time dependency.

In this talk, I will focus on both of these aspects. First, I will discuss about geometrical barriers, due to geometrical complexities along a fault (e.g. gaps and steps), within the framework of the rate-and-state friction law. Next, I will discuss about energetical barriers based on a recent extension of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics theory to elongated ruptures. The work presented here adopts a probabilistic approach and aims to integrate certain aspects of the physics of rupture propagation into seismic hazard analysis.

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Wed 04 Jun 17:30: Temporal Dynamics of Island Biodiversity

Earth Sciences talks - Thu, 29/05/2025 - 10:27
Temporal Dynamics of Island Biodiversity

Understanding how quickly, where, and why biodiversity is changing remains a key question in ecology. Observations show that the pace of change varies widely across different regions. Palaeoecological research contributes valuable insights by revealing long-term patterns and helping to interpret the effects of drivers such as human activity and erosion.

Drawing on examples from islands around the world, we examine how biodiversity has shifted significantly, particularly following human settlement and other environmental pressures. Our findings suggest that islands colonised within the past 1500 years tend to experience more rapid ecological changes than those settled earlier. We also explore the long-term introduction and spread of non-native species, along with the resulting trends in biotic homogenisation.

These examples show how standardised palaeoecological records can help create a more complete understanding of long-term changes in island ecosystems.

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Professor Marie Edmonds elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Earth Sciences news - Tue, 20/05/2025 - 10:02

Congratulations to Marie Edmonds, Professor of Volcanology and Petrology at the Department of Earth Sciences, on being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. This year, over 90 exceptional researchers from across the world have been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society, the UK’s national academy of sciences...

Categories: Recent news and blogs

Cambridge researchers elected as Fellows of the Royal Society 2025

“It is with great pleasure that I welcome the latest cohort of outstanding researchers into the Fellowship of the Royal Society,” said Sir Adrian Smith, President of the Royal Society. “Their achievements represent the very best of scientific endeavour, from basic discovery to research with real-world impact across health, technology and policy. From tackling global health challenges to reimagining what AI can do for humanity, their work is a testament to the power of curiosity-driven research and innovation.

“The strength of the Fellowship lies not only in individual excellence, but in the diversity of backgrounds, perspectives and experiences each new member brings. This cohort represents the truly global nature of modern science and the importance of collaboration in driving scientific breakthroughs.”

The Fellows and Foreign Members join the ranks of Stephen Hawking, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Lise Meitner, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Dorothy Hodgkin.

The new Cambridge fellows are:

Professor Edward Bullmore FMedSci FRS

Professor Ed Bullmore is Professor of Psychiatry and former Head of the Department of Psychiatry. His research mainly involves the application of brain imaging to psychiatry. He has introduced an entirely original approach to the analysis of human brain anatomy, involving graph theory and its application to small-world networks. This has had an enormous impact on the field, especially in relation to understanding the biological basis of schizophrenia and depression. His work has been key to the understanding of the 'wiring' of the human brain.

Professor Gábor Csányi FRS

Professor Gábor Csányi is Professor of Molecular Modelling in the Department of Engineering, and a Fellow of Pembroke College. His work is in the field of computational chemistry, and is focused on developing algorithms to predict the properties of materials and molecules from first principles. He pioneered the application of machine learning to molecular modelling which lead to enormous gains in the efficiency of molecular dynamics simulation.

Professor Judith Driscoll FRS

Professor Judith Driscoll is Professor of Materials Science in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and a Fellow of Trinity College. Her research is concerned with the nanoscale design and tuning of functional oxide thin film materials for energy-efficient electronic applications. A particular focus of her research group is oxide thin films, owing to their wide range of functionalities and their stability. However, their compositions tend to be complex, defects are prevalent, and interface effects play a strong role. Also, for many applications device structural dimensions are required down to nanometre length-scales. Together, all these factors produce exciting challenges for the materials scientist.

Professor Marie Edmonds FRS

Professor Marie Edmonds is Head of Department and Professor of Volcanology and Petrology in the Department of Earth Sciences. She is also a Fellow of Queens’ College. Her research focuses on understanding the impact of volcanoes on our environment and on the habitability of our planet. Her research spans the boundaries between traditional disciplines, from deciphering the nature of the interior of the Earth, to magma transport and storage in the crust, to volcano monitoring, understanding ore deposits and the dynamic chemistry of volcanic gases in the atmosphere and climate.

Professor Julian Hibberd FRS

Professor Julian Hibberd is Head of the Department of Plant Sciences and a Fellow of Emmanuel College. His research focuses on guiding optimisation of photosynthesis to improve crop yields. The C4 pathway is a complex form of photosynthesis that evolved around 30 million years ago and is now used by the most productive plants on the planet. Professor Hibberd has provided key insights into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis through analysis of plant physiology, cell specialisation, organelle development, and the control of gene expression.

Dr Gregory Jefferis FRS

Dr Gregory Jefferis is Joint Head of the Neurobiology Division at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Director of Research of the Department of Zoology. The broad goal of his research is to understand how smell turns into behaviour in the fruit fly brain. His group is particularly interested in how odour information is processed by the higher olfactory centres that mediate innate and learned behaviour.

Professor Jason Miller FRS

Professor Jason Miller is a Professor in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics and a Fellow of Trinity College. His research interests are in probability, in particular stochastic interface models, random walk, mixing times for Markov chains, and interacting particle systems.

Professor Andrew Pitts FRS

Professor Andrew Pitts is Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science and Technology and an Emeritus Fellow of Darwin College. His research makes use of techniques from category theory, mathematical logic and type theory to advance the foundations of programming language semantics and theorem proving systems. His aim is to develop mathematical models and methods that aid language design and the development of formal logics for specifying and reasoning about programs. He is particularly interested in higher-order typed programming languages and in dependently typed logics.

Dr Marta Zlatic FRS

Dr Marta Zlatic is Programme Leader at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and Director of Research in the Department of Zoology. She is also a Fellow of Trinity College. Her research aims to understand the relationship between the structure of the nervous system and its function and to discover the basic principles by which neural circuits implement fundamental computations. A major focus of her research is the circuit implementation of learning and decision-making.

Nine outstanding Cambridge scientists have been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society, the UK’s national academy of sciences and the oldest science academy in continuous existence.

Tom MorrisEntrance to the Royal Society


The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

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Categories: News

Cambridge researchers elected as Fellows of the Royal Society 2025

Research News - Tue, 20/05/2025 - 10:01

“It is with great pleasure that I welcome the latest cohort of outstanding researchers into the Fellowship of the Royal Society,” said Sir Adrian Smith, President of the Royal Society. “Their achievements represent the very best of scientific endeavour, from basic discovery to research with real-world impact across health, technology and policy. From tackling global health challenges to reimagining what AI can do for humanity, their work is a testament to the power of curiosity-driven research and innovation.

“The strength of the Fellowship lies not only in individual excellence, but in the diversity of backgrounds, perspectives and experiences each new member brings. This cohort represents the truly global nature of modern science and the importance of collaboration in driving scientific breakthroughs.”

The Fellows and Foreign Members join the ranks of Stephen Hawking, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Lise Meitner, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Dorothy Hodgkin.

The new Cambridge fellows are:

Professor Edward Bullmore FMedSci FRS

Professor Ed Bullmore is Professor of Psychiatry and former Head of the Department of Psychiatry. His research mainly involves the application of brain imaging to psychiatry. He has introduced an entirely original approach to the analysis of human brain anatomy, involving graph theory and its application to small-world networks. This has had an enormous impact on the field, especially in relation to understanding the biological basis of schizophrenia and depression. His work has been key to the understanding of the 'wiring' of the human brain.

Professor Gábor Csányi FRS

Professor Gábor Csányi is Professor of Molecular Modelling in the Department of Engineering, and a Fellow of Pembroke College. His work is in the field of computational chemistry, and is focused on developing algorithms to predict the properties of materials and molecules from first principles. He pioneered the application of machine learning to molecular modelling which lead to enormous gains in the efficiency of molecular dynamics simulation.

Professor Judith Driscoll FRS

Professor Judith Driscoll is Professor of Materials Science in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and a Fellow of Trinity College. Her research is concerned with the nanoscale design and tuning of functional oxide thin film materials for energy-efficient electronic applications. A particular focus of her research group is oxide thin films, owing to their wide range of functionalities and their stability. However, their compositions tend to be complex, defects are prevalent, and interface effects play a strong role. Also, for many applications device structural dimensions are required down to nanometre length-scales. Together, all these factors produce exciting challenges for the materials scientist.

Professor Marie Edmonds FRS

Professor Marie Edmonds is Head of Department and Professor of Volcanology and Petrology in the Department of Earth Sciences. She is also a Fellow of Queens’ College. Her research focuses on understanding the impact of volcanoes on our environment and on the habitability of our planet. Her research spans the boundaries between traditional disciplines, from deciphering the nature of the interior of the Earth, to magma transport and storage in the crust, to volcano monitoring, understanding ore deposits and the dynamic chemistry of volcanic gases in the atmosphere and climate.

Professor Julian Hibberd FRS

Professor Julian Hibberd is Head of the Department of Plant Sciences and a Fellow of Emmanuel College. His research focuses on guiding optimisation of photosynthesis to improve crop yields. The C4 pathway is a complex form of photosynthesis that evolved around 30 million years ago and is now used by the most productive plants on the planet. Professor Hibberd has provided key insights into the evolution of C4 photosynthesis through analysis of plant physiology, cell specialisation, organelle development, and the control of gene expression.

Dr Gregory Jefferis FRS

Dr Gregory Jefferis is Joint Head of the Neurobiology Division at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Director of Research of the Department of Zoology. The broad goal of his research is to understand how smell turns into behaviour in the fruit fly brain. His group is particularly interested in how odour information is processed by the higher olfactory centres that mediate innate and learned behaviour.

Professor Jason Miller FRS

Professor Jason Miller is a Professor in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics and a Fellow of Trinity College. His research interests are in probability, in particular stochastic interface models, random walk, mixing times for Markov chains, and interacting particle systems.

Professor Andrew Pitts FRS

Professor Andrew Pitts is Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science and Technology and an Emeritus Fellow of Darwin College. His research makes use of techniques from category theory, mathematical logic and type theory to advance the foundations of programming language semantics and theorem proving systems. His aim is to develop mathematical models and methods that aid language design and the development of formal logics for specifying and reasoning about programs. He is particularly interested in higher-order typed programming languages and in dependently typed logics.

Dr Marta Zlatic FRS

Dr Marta Zlatic is Programme Leader at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and Director of Research in the Department of Zoology. She is also a Fellow of Trinity College. Her research aims to understand the relationship between the structure of the nervous system and its function and to discover the basic principles by which neural circuits implement fundamental computations. A major focus of her research is the circuit implementation of learning and decision-making.

Nine outstanding Cambridge scientists have been elected as Fellows of the Royal Society, the UK’s national academy of sciences and the oldest science academy in continuous existence.

Tom MorrisEntrance to the Royal Society


The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

YesLicence type: Attribution-ShareAlike

Thu 22 May 11:30: Nano in Precision Medicine: Applications in Early Cancer Detection and Drug Delivery

Earth Sciences talks - Tue, 20/05/2025 - 09:12
Nano in Precision Medicine: Applications in Early Cancer Detection and Drug Delivery

Modern molecular science, best described as the convergence of (bio)chemistry, molecular biology, physics, and the transformative power of artificial intelligence, is paving the way in design of advanced materials for precision medicine. One of the most promising innovations are bio-nano hybrids, engineered systems that seamlessly integrate biomolecules into synthetic nanostructures to bridge the gap between biology and technology.

In this talk, we will delve into the design principles and biomedical applications of organic and hybrid nanomaterials, with a focus on their role in real-time detection of senescent (aged) cells and the role they play in early cancer detection, and targeted drug delivery.

Beyond the current applications, we will also explore how the next generation of bio-nano tools could redefine the future of biomedical nanotechnology, unlocking new possibilities for disease monitoring, intervention, and treatment. We will also examine the key challenges that must be addressed to streamline the translation pipeline from labs to clinic.

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Wed 21 May 17:30: Mid-Holocene climate and environmental changes revealed by subfossil wood from eastern England

Earth Sciences talks - Mon, 19/05/2025 - 19:09
Mid-Holocene climate and environmental changes revealed by subfossil wood from eastern England

To better understand current climate trends and extremes and their potential environmental impacts, annually resolved and absolutely dated proxy archives are required, but their quality and quantity decrease drastically back in time with only a few such records available before the Common Era. In this talk, we will learn from living and relict trees about climate and environmental conditions in eastern England and beyond from the present back to the mid-Holocene. I will introduce a vast, yet rapidly disappearing archive of thousands of exceptionally well-preserved subfossil oak and yew trunks in eastern England. Using dendrochronological, radiocarbon and isotopic dating, we anchor oak and yew tree-ring chronologies between 5,200 and 4,200 years ago. We further develop an eco-physiological model based on yew tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen isotopes to reconstruct mid-Holocene hydroclimate variability. We show that contrary to today’s climate-growth relationships, relatively dry soil and atmospheric conditions in the mid-Holocene favoured yew growth, while higher groundwater tables and wetter soils reduced ring width formation. We propose that yew woodlands disappeared around 4,200 years ago due to the combined effects of rapid sea-level rise in the North Sea, a prolonged negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and significant riverine flooding. These hydroclimatic and biogeographic changes in eastern England, together with independent evidence from pollen records and lake sediments, shed new lights on the yet debated 4.2 ka climate anomaly, typically associated with extreme drought in central Asia. Intriguingly, our new subfossil Fenland record implies unusually humid and stormy conditions for the North Atlantic/European region during this period.

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A Field Journey through the Messinian Salinity Crisis and Beyond

https://blog.esc.cam.ac.uk/?feed=rss - Wed, 14/05/2025 - 16:39
 During the Easter holidays, 31 Part III Earth Science students and 8 demonstrators travelled to southeastern Spain (Almería) for the students’ final fieldtrip. The region’s complex geology offered something special for everyone. Over six days in the field, we moved through geological time and explored the diverse environments—from metamorphic basements and Miocene reef outcrops, to …
Categories: Recent news and blogs

A Field Journey through the Messinian Salinity Crisis and Beyond

Earth Sciences blog - Wed, 14/05/2025 - 16:39
 During the Easter holidays, 31 Part III Earth Science students and 8 demonstrators travelled to southeastern Spain (Almería) for the students’ final fieldtrip. The region’s complex geology offered something special for everyone. Over six days in the field, we moved through geological time and explored the diverse environments—from metamorphic basements and Miocene reef outcrops, to …
Categories: Recent news and blogs